SCIENCE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

Behind every spray there is science.

FREEZE VITAMINS are based on a comprehensive scientific absorption philosophy: CryoSpray™ technology, phospholipids as bioavailability carriers, and postbiotics to support the microbiome. Below you will find the complete bibliography behind each of our choices.

28+
Active ingredients
85+
Scientific reports
11
Target categories
100%
Public sources
CRYOSPRAY™ TECHNOLOGY

The patent that changes absorption

Spray drying utilises the oral mucosa, a well-known administration route that bypasses part of digestion and first-pass metabolism. Menthol functions as a permeation enhancer, disrupting the lipid bilayer of the membrane and increasing the passive diffusion of the active ingredients.

At the same time, phospholipids act as bioavailabilty carriers, particularly for fat-soluble or poorly absorbable substances. The TRPM8 receptor, activated by menthol, explains the cooling sensation—it provides the sensory signature that transforms use into a daily ritual.

View all technology reports

💨
Oral mucosa Direct contact with circulation via the buccal mucosa, bypassing the digestive system.
🧬
Phospholipids Bioavailability carriers · enhanced absorption of fat-soluble components.
Menthol and TRPM8 Permeation enhancer and cold receptor activation; its dual action.
🦠
Metabiotics Lactobacillus and Streptococcus lysates · microbiome support.
📚
Element hierarchyMeta-analysis → RCT → Cohort → Mechanistic
Modern formsBisglycinate, citrate, methylated, P-5-P
📏
Dosage based on studiesWithin the clinically proven range
🔍
EFSA and PubMed sourcesPublic, verifiable reports
Ingredients and Documentation

28 ingredients. Each one has a reason for being there.

Filter by target category to view our ingredients and the scientific evidence supporting them.

Mental

Ginkgo Biloba

Flavonoids and terpenoids

Flavonoids and ginkgolides that enhance microcirculation and have antioxidant action. Being studied for cognitive function in the elderly.

2 randomised controlled trials
Mental

Bacopa monnieri

Bacosides A and B

It increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes and enhances serotonin and acetylcholine signalling. Studies on memory and learning.

2 randomised controlled trials
Mental

Lion's Mane

Lion's Mane Mushroom

It stimulates the production of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), promoting neuroplasticity. Support for the nervous system.

Mori K, 2009
Mental

L-Theanine

From green tea

Increases alpha brain waves and regulates GABA, dopamine, serotonin. Relaxation without sedation.

Juneja, 1999
Mental

Melatonin

Endogenous hormone

Regulates the circadian rhythm via MT1/MT2 receptors. EFSA-approved health claim for reducing the time it takes to fall asleep.

EFSA approved19 RCTs
Mental

Chamomile Extract

Matricaria recutita

Binding to GABA receptors. Studied in generalized anxiety disorder and for improving sleep quality.

Amsterdam, 2009
Energy

L-Citrulline

Amino acid

Converts to L-arginine and increases nitric oxide for vasodilation. Supports blood flow and athletic performance.

Schwedhelm, 2008
Energy

Panax ginseng

Ginsenosides

It affects the HPA axis and neurotransmitters. It supports energy and cognitive performance.

Reay, 2010
Energy

Maca

Maca

An adaptogenic plant from the Andes. It has an effect on the hypothalamus-pituitary axis. Studies on libido and hormonal balance.

Gonzales, 2002
Energy

Beetroot Extract

Nitrate source

Nitrates that convert to nitric oxide for vasodilation. Supports endurance and normal blood pressure.

Larsen, 2007
Heart

CoQ10

Coenzyme Q10

It participates in mitochondrial energy production. The Q-SYMBIO study showed a benefit in patients with chronic heart failure.

Mortensen, 2014
Heart

Pomegranate Extract

Pomegranate

Polyphenols with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action. Cardiovascular support.

Aviram, 2004
Heart

Hydroxytyrosol

Olive polyphenol

EFSA health claim: contributes to the protection of blood lipids from oxidative stress (5mg daily).

EFSA approved
Heart

Hawthorn Extract

Crataegus

It is studied for cardiac contractility and blood flow. Traditional use and clinical studies.

Pittler, 2003
Immunostimulant

Vitamin C (Ester-C)

Buffered ascorbic acid

Contributes to normal immune function and collagen synthesis. Buffered form, milder on the stomach.

EFSA health claim
Immunostimulant

Vitamin D3

Cholecalciferol

It regulates gene expression via the VDR receptor. It is involved in immunomodulation and neurological function.

EFSA approvedHolick, 2007
Immunostimulant

Zinc Bisglycinate

Chelated form

Important for the immune system, skin, and healing. Bisglycinate form with higher absorption than zinc oxide.

EFSA health claim
Immunostimulant

Selenium

Trace element

Antioxidant element with a role in the immune system and the thyroid. Dose-dependent action.

EFSA health claim
Leather

Collagen Peptides

Hydrolysed collagen

Meta-analysis 26 RCTs (Pu, 2023): Improvements in skin hydration and elasticity. Musculoskeletal support.

26 RCTs Meta
Leather

Hyaluronic Acid

From mouth HA

Kawada Clinical Trial (2014): improved hydration after 2–8 weeks. Studies also on joints and mobility.

RCT 2014
Leather

Astaxanthin

Carotenoid

Powerful antioxidant with action on skin, eyes and inflammation. From the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis.

Ambati, 2014
Vision

Lutein and Zeaxanthin

Macular carotenoids

AREDS2 study (JAMA, 2013): Macular support and protection from age-related macular degeneration.

AREDS2 RCT
Vision

Bilberry / Anthocyanins

Bilberry

They are being studied for microcirculation and vision support. Anthocyanins with antioxidant action.

Cold, J Food Sci
Bones

Vitamin D3 + K2 (MK-7)

Cholecalciferol + Menaquinone-7

D3 supports calcium absorption, K2 MK-7 directs it to bones. Knapen: benefit to bone health.

EFSA approved3-year randomised controlled trial
Joints

Glucosamine

From mollusc shells

Cochrane Review (Towheed): study for the relief of osteoarthritis symptoms. Often in combination with chondroitin.

Cochrane Review
Joints

Chondroitin Sulfate

Cartilage constituent

Hochberg (Ann Rheum Dis): improvement of osteoarthritis symptoms. Synergistic effect with glucosamine.

Hochberg RCT
Joints

MSM

Methylsulfonylmethane

Kim YH (2006): Improvement of joint pain and function. Studies also on inflammation and muscle recovery.

Kim, 2006
Metabolism

Berberine

From Berberis aristata

Yin (2008) and Li meta-analysis: studies on glucose and lipid metabolism in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

2 Meta-analyses
Metabolism

Curcumin

Turmeric

Hewlings and Kalman (2017): antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action. Schiborr (2014): formulation is critical for bioavailability.

Hewlings, Food 2017
Metabolism

Green Tea / EGCG

Camellia sinensis

Hursel (2009) meta-analysis: effects on weight management. Catechins with antioxidant and cardioprotective effects.

Meta-analysis
Metabolism

Garcinia, Gymnema, Chromium

Herbal blend

Onakpoya (Garcinia) and Cefalu (chromium): studies on appetite and glycaemic control. Results vary by study.

Systematic review
Metals

Magnesium Bisglycinate

Chelated form

Gröber (2015): supports the nervous system, muscle function and energy. Citrate form with better bioavailability than oxide.

EFSA approved
Metals

Iron Bisglycinate

Chelated iron

Skolmowska (2022): effective dietary interventions for iron deficiency anaemia in women. Form with higher tolerance than sulphate.

Nutrients 2022
Trace element

Iodine

Iodine

Zimmermann (Endocr Rev): essential for thyroid function and for normal metabolism.

EFSA health claim
Electrolytes

Citrates Complex

Sodium / Potassium / Magnesium citrate

Shirreffs (Nutrition Reviews): hydration and electrolyte balance support. Whelton: role of potassium in blood pressure regulation.

2 references
Others

Calcium D-Glucarate

From fruits and vegetables

Walaszek (Cancer Lett): support for hepatic detoxification via the glucuronidation pathway.

Walaszek
Vitamin B

Vitamin B12 (Methylcobalamin)

Active form

O'Leary and Samman (Nutrients, 2010): neuroprotection and anaemia management. Methyl form without the need for hepatic conversion.

EFSA approved
Vitamin B

Folate (5-MTHF)

Methylated folate

Allen (Food Nutr Bull): Bioactive form for haematopoiesis and DNA synthesis. Does not require hepatic conversion.

EFSA approved
Microbiome

Postbiotics Lysate

Lactobacillus and Streptococcus

Salminen (2021) ISAPP consensus: definition and scope of postbiotics. Aguilar-Toalá (2018): emerging category of functional ingredients.

2 references
Urinary

D-Mannose and Cranberry

Sugar and fruit

Kranjčec (2014): Study of D-mannose for recurrent urinary tract infections. Cochrane Review for cranberry.

RCT + Cochrane
FULL BIBLIOGRAPHY

All reports

Scientific sources behind each ingredient and technology. Links open in a new tab on PubMed.

META Meta-analysis Randomised controlled trial Clinical trial REVIEW Review EFSA Regulatory
1
Buccal mucosa as a route for systemic drug delivery
Shojaei AH
REVIEWJ Pharm Pharm Sci · 1998
Subject: CryoSpray Technology · Mucosal Absorption
2
The oral bioavailability of curcumin from micronised powder and liquid micelles
Schiborr C, Kocher A, Behnam D, et al.
Randomised controlled trialMol Nutr Food Res · 2014
Subject: Phospholipids as bioavailability carriers · curcumin
3
Terpenes as skin penetration enhancers
Cornwell PA, Barry BW
REVIEWInt J Pharm · 1994
Subject: Menthol as a permeation enhancer
4
Penetration enhancers
Williams AC, Barry BW
REVIEWAdvanced Drug Delivery Reviews · 2012
Subject: Menthol mechanism
5
Enhancement of buccal absorption
Senel S
REVIEWJ Control Release · 2004
Subject: Buccal absorption enhancers
6
Identification of a cold receptor reveals a general role for TRP channels in thermosensation
McKemy DD, Neuhausser WM, Julius D
RESEARCHNature · 2002
Subject: TRPM8 receptor · icy sensation
7
The menthol receptor TRPM8 is the main detector of environmental cold.
Bautista DM, Siemens J, Glazer JM, et al.
RESEARCHNature/Cell · 2007
Subject: TRPM8 neurosensory mechanism
8
Postbiotics — definition and scope (ISAPP consensus)
Salminen S, Collado MC, Endo A, et al.
CONSENSUSNat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol · 2021
Subject: Synbiotics · ISAPP definition
9
Postbiotics: An evolving term within the functional foods field
Aguilar-Toalá JE, Garcia-Varela R, Garcia HS, et al.
REVIEWTrends Food Sci Tech · 2018
Subject: Functional role of postbiotics
10
Efficacy of berberine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Yin J, Xing H, Ye J
Randomised controlled trialMetabolism · 2008
Subject: Berberine · Glycaemic control
11
The effect of berberine on metabolic profiles in type 2 diabetic patients
Li Z, Geng YN, Jiang JD, Kong WJ
META-ANALYSISSystematic Review
Subject: Berberine · metabolic profile
12
Curcumin: A Review of Its Effects on Human Health
Hewlings SJ, Kalman DS
REVIEWFoods · 2017
Subject: Curcumin · Anti-inflammatory action
13
D-mannose powder for the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections
Kranjčec B, Papeš D, Altarac S
Randomised controlled trialWorld J Urol · 2014
Subject: D-Mannose · Urinary
14
Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections
Cooper TE, Khalid R, Chan S, et al.
COCHRANECochrane Review
Subject: Cranberry · urinary
15
Ingested hyaluronic acid moisturises dry skin
Kawada C, Yoshida T, Yoshida H, et al.
Randomised controlled trialNutr J · 2014
Subject: Hyaluronic Acid · skin hydration
16
Effects of Oral Collagen for Skin Anti-Aging: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Pu SY, Huang YL, Pu CM, et al.
META-ANALYSISNutrients · 2023 · 26 RCTs
Subject: Collagen Peptides · skin
17
Lutein + Zeaxanthin and Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Age-Related Macular Degeneration
AREDS2 Research Group
RCT (AREDS2)JAMA · 2013
Subject: Lutein, Zeaxanthin · Macula
18
Three-year low-dose menaquinone-7 supplementation helps to decrease bone loss
Knapen MHJ, Drummen NE, Smit E, et al.
Randomised controlled trial (3-year)Osteoporos Int. · 2013
Subject: Vitamin K2 MK-7 · Bone health
19
Effects of vitamins K2 and D3 supplementation in cases of severe coronary artery calcification
Vossen LM, Schurgers LJ, van Varik BJ, et al.
Randomised controlled trialBMJ Open · 2023
Subject: D3 + K2 MK-7 · cardiovascular
20
A Review of Micronutrients and the Immune System
Gombart AF, Pierre A, Maggini S
REVIEWNutrients · 2020
Subject: Vitamin C, D, Zinc, Selenium · immune booster
21
Selenium and human health
Rayman MP
REVIEWLancet · 2012
Subject: Selenium · trace element
22
Vitamin B12 in health and disease
O'Leary F, Samman S
REVIEWNutrients · 2010
Subject: Vitamin B12 (Methylcobalamin)
23
Causes of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency
Allen LH
REVIEWFood Nutr Bull · 2008
Subject: B12, Folate · deficiencies
24
Effectiveness of Dietary Interventions to Treat Iron-Deficiency Anaemia in Women
Skolmowska D, Głąbska D, Guzek D
META-ANALYSISNutrients · 2022
Subject: Iron · Iron-deficiency anaemia
25
Magnesium in prevention and therapy
Gröber U, Schmidt J, Kisters K
REVIEWNutrients · 2015
Subject: Magnesium · Nervous and muscular system
26
Hydration and electrolyte balance
Shirreffs SM
REVIEWNutrition Reviews · 2003
Subject: Citrates · electrolytes
27
The effect of coenzyme Q10 on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure (Q-SYMBIO)
Mortensen SA, Rosenfeldt F, Kumar A, et al.
Randomised controlled trialJACC: Heart Failure · 2014
Subject: CoQ10 · cardiac function
28
Astaxanthin: Sources, extraction, stability and biological activities
Ambati RR, Phang SM, Ravi S, Aswathanarayana RG
REVIEWMar Drugs · 2014
Subject: Astaxanthin · antioxidant
29
Olive oil polyphenols contribute to protecting blood lipids from oxidative stress.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies
EFSAEFSA Journal · 2011
Subject: Hydroxytyrosol · cardiovascular
30
Efficacy of methylsulfonylmethane supplementation on osteoarthritis
Kim YH, Kim DH, Lim H, et al.
Randomised controlled trialOsteoarthritis Cartilage · 2006
Subject: MSM · Joints
31
Glucosamine therapy for treating osteoarthritis
Towheed TE, Maxwell L, Anastassiades TP, et al.
COCHRANECochrane Review
Subject: Glucosamine · Osteoarthritis
32
Chondroitin sulfate efficacy versus celecoxib on knee osteoarthritis
Hochberg MC, Martel-Pelletier J, Monfort J, et al.
Randomised controlled trialAnnals of the Rheumatic Diseases
Subject: Chondroitin · Joints
33
Zinc in human health: effect of zinc on immune cells
Prasad AS
REVIEWMol Med · 2008
Subject: Zinc · immune booster and healing
34
Efficacy and tolerability of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in dementia
Gauthier S, Schlaefke S
REVIEWInt J Geriatr Psychiatry · 2014
Subject: Ginkgo · cognitive function
35
The chronic effects of an extract of Bacopa monnieri on cognitive function
Stough C, Lloyd J, Clarke J, et al.
Randomised controlled trialPsychopharmacology · 2001
Subject: Bacopa · memory
36
Improving effects of Hericium erinaceus on mild cognitive impairment
Mori K, Inatomi S, Ouchi K, et al.
Randomised controlled trialPhytother Res · 2009
Subject: Lion's Mane · Neuroplasticity
37
Vitamin D deficiency
Holick MF
REVIEWN Engl J Med · 2007
Subject: Vitamin D3 · systemic health
38
The effects of green tea on weight loss and weight maintenance: a meta-analysis
Hursel R, Viechtbauer W, Westerterp-Plantenga MS
META-ANALYSISInt J Obes · 2009
Subject: Green Tea / EGCG · metabolism
39
L-theanine — a unique amino acid from green tea and its relaxation effect
Juneja LR, Chu DC, Okubo T, et al.
REVIEWTrends Food Sci Tech · 1999
Subject: L-Theanine · alpha brain waves
40
A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral Matricaria recutita (chamomile) for generalised anxiety disorder
Amsterdam JD, Li Y, Soeller I, et al.
Randomised controlled trialJ Clin Psychopharmacol · 2009
Subject: Chamomile · anxiety disorder
41
Meta-analysis: Melatonin for the treatment of primary sleep disorders
Ferracioli-Oda E, Qawasmi A, Bloch MH
META-ANALYSISPLoS One · 2013 · 19 RCTs
Subject: Melatonin · sleep
42
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of oral L-citrulline and L-arginine
Schwedhelm E, Maas R, Freese R, et al.
Randomised controlled trialBr J Clin Pharmacol · 2008
Subject: L-Citrulline · nitric oxide
43
Single doses of Panax ginseng reduce blood glucose levels and improve cognitive performance
Reay JL, Scholey AB, Kennedy DO
Randomised controlled trialPsychopharmacology · 2010
Subject: Panax Ginseng · Cognitive Function
44
Effect of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) on sexual desire
Gonzales GF, Cordova A, Vega K, et al.
Randomised controlled trialAndrology · 2002
Subject: Maca · libido
45
Effects of dietary nitrate on oxygen cost during exercise
Larsen FJ, Weitzberg E, Lundberg JO, Ekblom B
Randomised controlled trialActa Physiol · 2007
Subject: Beetroot · durability
46
Pomegranate juice consumption reduces oxidative stress and atherogenic modifications
Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Gaitini D, et al.
Randomised controlled trialAtherosclerosis · 2004
Subject: Pomegranate · cardiovascular
47
Effect of garlic on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Ried K, Frank OR, Stocks NP, et al.
META-ANALYSISBMC Cardiovascular Disorders · 2008
Subject: Garlic · blood pressure
48
Hawthorn extract for treating chronic heart failure
Pittler MH, Schmidt K, Ernst E
REVIEWAm J Med · 2003
Subject: Hawthorn · heart function
49
Effects of oral potassium on blood pressure: meta-analysis of randomised controlled clinical trials
Whelton PK, He J, Cutler JA, et al.
META-ANALYSISJAMA · 1997
Subject: Potassium · blood pressure
50
The effects of consuming sea buckthorn oil on dry eye and the tear film.
Larmo P, Yang B, Hyssälä J, et al.
Randomised controlled trialJ Nutr Biochem · 2010
Subject: Omega-7 · skin and mucous membranes
Note: The above references concern the ingredients and CryoSpray™ technology. They do not constitute medical advice or a claim of treatment. FREEZE VITAMINS are food supplements and do not replace a balanced diet. Consult your doctor before use if you are taking medication, are pregnant, or breastfeeding.

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